Switchable Glass
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While this technology is a little further out from traditional display technology, switchable glass feels appropirate to cover in some form here. There are some artworks below that do use switchglass as more of an abstracted display rather than just one large panel. Additionally, it can be combined with traditional display technologies to create something a little more unique.
When it comes to switchable glass, there are several different technologies.
PDLC is Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal. When an electrical current is applied, it basically goes from clear to diffuse and opaque. The reaction and change occurs very quickly and can be used to create unusual effects. It also uses a low amount of energy compared to traditional displays. When electrical current is not applied, the film is opaque, but when it is applied it becomes transparent. This effect is also "dimmable" in the sense that varying levels of current can ramp the opacity up or down.
Artist Simon Heijdens has one of the better known examples of using PDLC in in their project that uses hundreds of triangles and nearly invislble electrical leads to create different visual effects with sunlight.
SPD stands for Suspended Particle Device.
SPD is similar to PDLC in mechanism, but more of an opacity/tint change than diffusion. It primarily stays in one color that is sort of a purple blue, so it has limited uses. It can transition fairly quickly but not as fast as PDLC or LCD.
This also operates under similar principles as the others. It is primarily a change in tint, as in SPD, but not in diffusion/opacity, as in PDLC. The clarity through the glass is largely untouched but it can cut a lot of the incoming light. The transition for this method works much more slowly, so it shouldn't be used for displays that require very fast image making. It is also just a transition between two colored states. One commercial use for Electrochromic glass is in airplane windows to replace shades
From their site they describe the technology like this:
"Made from 1-D photonics crystal in thin film format based on holographic or polymer stabilized liquid crystal composite materials, the switchable mirrors allow instantly variable transmittance (0.1-90%) and reflection (<1-99.9%) without the need for special gas."
While there are a number of resources for PDLC Smart Glass in normal installations and configurations, they are mostly concerned with static applications on windows/conference rooms/etc. For specialized applications, like fragmented elements or larger architectural elements, you may need to collaborate with a company like .
SPD is a specialized product, but you can find it from vendors such as
is one manufacturer of Electrochromic Glass.
LCD is a bit of a different class here and has been discussed briefly in the section, but it uses large LCD panels as individual pixels to turn different grayscale colors. The switching of the LCD opacity can happen rapidly just as in normal LCD monitors. It has been used for projects such as Sosolimited and Hypersonic's
Jason Bruge's studio also makes heavy use of specialized LCD panels, like in the piece .
Finding a source for making custom LCD's in this way is a bit of a challenge since they are such a niche product. One source may be . Another is based in the UK who has created or advised on a number of the projects for Jason Bruge's studio.
The company has a special switchable mirror technology seen below that allows them to switch between a clear view piece of glass and a mirror. They can also fade between the two modes.
